#ReginaHarmon #FoodRecoveryNetwork

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Listen to “WILD REPUBLIC Shares Very Special Environmental Friendly Animals at Toy Fair – WOW” on Spreaker.

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Listen to “Student-Led Food Recovery Network (FRN) – now the largest in the US – is making a Big Impact during the Big Game. FRN and Hellmann’s…” on Spreaker.

Listen to “Regina Harmon, CEO Food Recovery Network shares how they manage this momentous task” on Spreaker.

Listen to “Guy Fieri leaving the stage, Paul invites him to Times Square for Earth Day” on Spreaker.

Listen to “Tucker Wetmore performs at Guy Fieri Tailgate Party and Children Enjoy” on Spreaker.

Listen to “GUY’S SAUCES ARE GREAT” on Spreaker.

Listen to “HARD WORK! FOOD RECOVERY OVER 15,000 POUNDS” on Spreaker.

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Quinnipiac’s continuing commitment to uplift neighboring communities through civic engagement, partnership and scholarship has earned a prestigious 2026 Carnegie Community Engagement Classification. The national distinction has been awarded to Quinnipiac through 2032. Learn more
Headlines from QU.edu/today				February 4, 2026
MAT students to receive up to 50% off tuition by partnering with local school districts School of Communications alumni have Patriots’ Super Bowl run covered from every angle Alumnus’ compassionate care inspires Marguerite I. Boissard Memorial Scholarship Fund at the School of Nursing Computer science students and professor present ransomware research at Las Vegas conference Off-campus students help neighbors shovel out after major snowstorm Join the ‘We Love Quinnipiac’ tour across the country Marinov, men’s ice hockey blanks St. Lawrence in 7-0 win Women’s basketball downs Fairfield to become the only undefeated team in conference Monroe’s double-double helps lift men’s basketball over Fairfield 61% of voters think the Trump administration has not given an honest account of the fatal shooting of Alex Pretti, Quinnipiac national poll finds
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ICYMI: Four Bobcats Earn Spots at the Olympics

https://www.ne16.com/t/10233792/173971236/8820831/0/1006986/?x=904913bc

Quinnipiac will be well represented on the ice at the 2026 Winter Olympics. First-year forward Jade Barbirati ’29 will represent Team France, and Kati Tabin ’20 and Devon Toews ’17 will represent Team Canada. Women’s ice hockey assistant coach Brent Hill has also been named to the U.S. Olympic Women’s Ice Hockey staff. Learn more
Top Highlights From the Coming Week
Here are just a few of the many things happening throughout the next week at Quinnipiac: Thursday, February 5 at 8:40 a.m.: Winter Olympics Watch Party at OISS Thursday, February 5 at 12:30 p.m.: Strategic Visioning Session (Mount Carmel Campus) Thursday, February 5 at 12:30 p.m.: QU in NYC Information Session Thursday, February 5 at 12:45 p.m.: How to Get Your Start Working in the Music Industry Thursday, February 5 at 2:30 p.m.: Strategic Visioning Session (North Haven Campus) Thursday, February 5 at 7 p.m.: Men’s Basketball versus Canisius Thursday, February 5 at 8 p.m.: New Semester, New Mindset Thursday, February 5 at 9:15 p.m.: QU in LA Information Session Friday, February 6 at 6 p.m.: Indigenous Student Union Movie Night: ‘Avatar’ Friday, February 6 at 7 p.m.: Men’s Ice Hockey versus Brown Friday, February 6 at 7:30 p.m.: Dungeons and Dragons Club DM Engagement Fair Saturday, February 7 at 12 p.m.: Best Buddies Super Bowl Party Saturday, February 7 at 2 p.m.: Men’s Basketball versus Niagara Saturday, February 7 at 7 p.m.: Men’s Ice Hockey versus Yale | Game Watch Parties Set for Across U.S. Saturday, February 7 at 9 p.m.: Throwbacks Trivia Sunday, February 8 at 6 p.m.: Super Bowl Watch Party Tuesday, February 10 at 12:30 p.m.: Unfiltered Comm-versations: Bad Bunny and the Super Bowl Tuesday, February 10 at 12:30 p.m.: The Research Policies Committee Presents: Submitting Grant Proposals & The IRB Approval Process Tuesday, February 10 at 12:30 p.m.: Room Selection Information Session Tuesday, February 10 at 12:30 p.m.: Career Resource Pop-Up Tuesday, February 10 at 2 p.m.: Working at the NY Islanders Tuesday, February 10 at 5 p.m.: QU Pitch Competition Info Session Tuesday, February 10 at 8:30 p.m.: Galentine’s Bingo Tuesday, February 10 at 9:15 p.m.: Valentine’s Day Card Making for a Local Nursing Home Wednesday, February 11 at 12 p.m.: QU in DC Semester and Seminar Programs Info Session Wednesday, February 11 at 3 p.m.: Spring Law Career Networking Fair Session Wednesday, February 11 at 5 p.m.: Dessert Charcuterie Boards Wednesday, February 11 at 6 p.m.: Virtual Transfer Information Session Wednesday, February 11 at 6:30 p.m.: Valentine’s Bingo and Card Making with Old Friends and New Wednesday, February 11 at 8:30 p.m.: Self Care Night with QU Active Wednesday, February 11 at 9 p.m.: Galentine’s Day See the full listing and get all the details at calendar.qu.edu. To learn more about Common Hour, visit QU.edu/commonhour
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Jeff Gitterman is a widely recognized leader in the climate-focused investing field, with a particular emphasis on climate adaptation and resilience. He is also the co-creator of the firm’s SMART (Sustainability Metrics Applied to Risk Tolerance)® Investing Solutions, a suite of global climate-aware allocation strategies available to financial advisory firms and individual investors.

Jeff has over 30 years of experience as a financial advisor, with a primary focus on high-net-worth individuals and higher education professionals. Gitterman Wealth Management specializes in working with individual investors as well as college and university professionals via the New Jersey Alternate Benefit Program (ABP) and the Public Employee Retirement System (PERS).

Jeff began realigning Gitterman Wealth Management towards a climate focus in 2015, after launching the firm’s SMART Investing Solutions. In 2020, the firm expanded to provide thought leadership and practice management offerings to the financial advisory and institutional markets through Gitterman Asset Management.

The firm has also hosted many climate-focused events for financial advisors, including several conferences at the United Nations Headquarters, and most recently, the Climate & Capital Conferences at the New York Stock Exchange in partnership with ICE.

Jeff is a co-host of TheIMPACT TV show, which films at the New York Stock Exchange and airs on fintech.tv. He speaks frequently at conferences throughout the United States and has also been featured in the past in Barron’s, Forbes, Financial Advisor Magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and on CNN, among many others.

Jeff is the author of Beyond Success: Redefining the Meaning of Prosperity, and an Associate Producer of the feature documentary film Planetary. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Child Health Institute of New Jersey at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and dedicates much of his free time to raising funds and awareness for the autism community.

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On September 20, 2025, New York time, the 21st United Nations International Peace Concert in 2025, jointly produced by the World Madam Foundation, Good News, OMMM, etc., achieved complete success. The event started at 11:30 a.m. and ended at 5 p.m. with more than 100 volunteers holding the flags representing 193 countries of the United Nations forming a circle symbolizing unity and peace and calling out “Let peace Prevail” in unison. During the event, two songs, “Dear World” and “Let peace Prevail”, sparked enthusiastic responses from both online and offline audiences.

​”Dear World” was composed by Dai Rui, the President of the International Artificial Intelligence Association, who traveled a long – distance to the event site in person and sang it jointly with American male singer Mark MK McLaughlin and American female singer Renee Knorr.

“Let peace Prevail” was jointly sung by Huang Annie, the founder of the World  Madam Foundation and the representative of the composition, Liora Michelle Greeng, the 2024 Global Champion of World Mrs., American young singer Martin Qin, and American male singer Mark MK McLaughlin.

These two songs skillfully blend passionate and lyrical melodies. Through their emotionally – charged lyrics, they depict a fervent yearning for peace and a beautiful vision for future life.

The English lyrics of “Let peace Prevail” were written by Wang Jiangang, the Vice – President of the United Nations Correspondents Association. Anni Huang, the founder of the World  Madam Foundation, was responsible for the Chinese lyrics, and Liu Liangzi, the 2021 Global Runner – up of World Madam, composed the music. She and American singer Josh Moran gave the song’s premiere at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on March 8, 2024. This song has been translated into the six official working languages of the United Nations: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic, and has been released around the world.

When Anni Huang was interviewed by the media and shared her creative insights, she said, “When I first entered the United Nations, I saw the words of former UN Secretary – General Ban Ki – moon, ‘The World is Over – armed, and Peace is Under – funded’, which gave me profound inspiration and a strong spiritual shock. I hope that by creating this song full of hope and strength, it can shine like a beam of light on people’s longing for peace in their hearts and inspire people to work together for world peace as a gift for the 80th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations.”

The International Day of Peace was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1981. It aims to advocate a global cease – fire and non – violence, and to commemorate and strengthen the ideal of peace. This festival is set on September 21st every year, calling on all countries and peoples to stop hostilities on this day. Since its establishment, it has become a global event, encouraging people to promote peace through education and public awareness.

As of 2024, 20 United Nations International Peace Concerts had been held. These events aim to inspire action and emphasize the “initiative for peace”, jointly caring for the earth and the environment and working for peace. The 21st concert in 2025 was the largest – scale one ever. It was grandly held in Times Square and was live – streamed on various global platforms. According to incomplete statistics, the cumulative number of online viewers across all platforms exceeded 10 million.

The post “Let Peace Prevail” was performed as the theme song at the 21st United Nations International Peace Day grand music concert in Times Square appeared first on Good News!.

【WORLD MADAM New York Update】

“Let Peace Prevail” Echoes as the Theme Song at the 21st UN International Day of Peace Concert in Times Square

New York, September 20, 2025 — Co-produced by the World Madam Foundation together with Good News, OMMM and other partners, the 21st United Nations International Day of Peace Concert was held in grand fashion at Times Square, New York, and concluded with great success.

The event ran from 11:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. It ended with more than 100 volunteers, carrying the flags of the UN’s 193 Member States, forming a great circle symbolizing “unity and peace,” and together raising their voices in the call: “Let Peace Prevail.”

Two theme songs—“Dear World” and “Let Peace Prevail”—stirred both live audiences and millions watching online across global platforms.

Songs that Resonated with Peace

“Dear World” was composed by Dai Rui, President of the International Artificial Intelligence Association, who traveled thousands of miles to perform live alongside American singers Mark MK McLaughlin and Renee Knorr.
“Let Peace Prevail” was performed by World Madam Foundation Founder Anni Huang, World Madam 2024 Global Champion Liora Michelle Greeng, young American singer Martin Qin, and Mark MK McLaughlin.

Both pieces fused passionate and lyrical melodies, with heartfelt lyrics expressing humanity’s fervent longing for peace and bright hopes for the future.

The Inspiration Behind Let Peace Prevail

“Let Peace Prevail” was created with English lyrics by UN Correspondents Association Vice President Martin Jiangang Wang, Chinese lyrics by World Madam Foundation Founder Anni Huang, and composition by World Madam 2021 Global Runner-up Liangzi Liu. The song was first performed at UN Headquarters on March 8, 2024, by Liu and American singer Josh Moreland. It has since been translated into all six official UN languages—Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Arabic—and released worldwide.

In an interview, Annie Huang recalled: “When I first entered the United Nations, I was struck by former Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s words: ‘The world is over-armed, and peace is under-funded.’ Those words inspired me to use music as a light to awaken the yearning for peace in people’s hearts. My hope is that Let Peace Prevail is not only a song, but also a beacon that inspires people to work together for a future without war. I dedicate it as a gift to the 80th anniversary of the United Nations.”

The Significance of the Day and the Concert’s Impact

The International Day of Peace was established by the UN General Assembly in 1981 and, since 2001, has been observed annually on September 21. Its aim is to advocate for global ceasefire and non-violence, and to encourage nations and peoples to promote peace through education, culture, and cooperation. On this day, the UN Secretary-General traditionally rings the “Peace Bell” at UN Headquarters in New York, while peace concerts, seminars, and cultural events are held around the world. It has become a global day of reflection, reminding humanity that without peace, there can be no sustainable development—nor a future.

By 2024, the International Peace Concert had been successfully held 20 times.

The 21st edition in 2025 marked its largest scale ever, with Times Square as its iconic stage. The event was streamed live on multiple global platforms, attracting an estimated audience of over 10 million viewers worldwide, making it a landmark celebration of peace that drew global attention.

【WORLD MADAM纽约动态】

《守望和平》在时报广场第21届联合国国际和平日大型音乐会上唱响主题

纽约时间2025年9月20日，由世界夫人基金会携手 Good News、OMMM 等机构联合制作的第21届联合国国际和平音乐会在纽约时代广场隆重举行并取得圆满成功。

本次活动自上午11时30分持续至下午5时。在百余名志愿者手持代表联合国193个会员国国旗组成的圆形方阵中，以象征“团结与和平”的歌声齐呼“Let Peace Prevail（守望和平）”，为整场活动画下完美句点。

音乐会上，两首主题曲——《Dear World》与《Let Peace Prevail》——引发现场观众与全球线上平台的热烈反响。

两首歌曲共鸣和平呼声

《Dear World》由国际人工智能协会理事长戴睿创作，他不远万里亲临现场，与美国歌手 Mark MK McLaughlin 和 Renee Knorr 联袂献唱。
《Let Peace Prevail》由世界夫人基金会创始人黄安妮、世界夫人2024全球总冠军 Liora Michelle Greeng、美国少年歌手 Martin Qin 以及歌手 Mark MK McLaughlin 同台演绎。

两首作品将激昂与抒情的旋律巧妙融合，以饱含深情的歌词描绘了人类对和平的炽热向往与对未来的美好憧憬。

《Let Peace Prevail》的创作初心

《Let Peace Prevail》由联合国记者协会副主席王建刚创作英文歌词，世界夫人基金会创始人黄安妮撰写中文歌词，世界夫人2021全球亚军刘良子担任作曲，并与美国歌手 Josh Moreland 于2024年3月8日在联合国总部首唱。该歌曲已被翻译成联合国六种工作语言（中文、英文、法文、俄文、西班牙文、阿拉伯文），并在全球范围广泛传播。

黄安妮在接受媒体采访时回忆道：“我第一次走进联合国时，看到前秘书长潘基文的一句话——‘The world is over-armed, and peace is under-funded（世界军备过度，和平资金不足）’，这句话深深震撼了我。它启发我用音乐去点亮人们心中对和平的渴望。我希望《守望和平》不仅是一首歌，更是一束光，鼓舞全世界携手努力，共同迎接没有战争的未来。谨以此作为对联合国成立80周年的献礼。”

和平日的意义与音乐会的影响

联合国国际和平日（International Day of Peace）由联合国大会于1981年设立，自2001年起固定在每年的9月21日，旨在倡导全球停火与非暴力，呼吁各国与人民通过教育、文化与合作推动和平。在这一天，联合国秘书长会在纽约总部的“和平钟”敲钟，全球各地也会举办音乐会、研讨会、艺术活动等形式多样的和平庆典。国际和平日已成为全人类共同反思的重要时刻，提醒世界：没有和平，就没有可持续发展，也没有未来。

截至2024年，国际和平音乐会已成功举办20届。今年的第21届活动是有史以来规模最大的一次，首次在纽约时报广场盛大举行，并通过全球多平台同步直播。据不完全统计，累计在线观看人数超过1000万，成为全球瞩目的和平盛事。

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Global Warming Acceleration: Impact on Sea Ice

02 April 2025
James Hansen, Joe Kelly, Pushker Kharecha

Abstract. Global warming has accelerated.[2] Warming melts sea ice, but it also melts ice sheets, ice shelves, ice caps and glaciers, which affects sea ice cover. Injection of cold freshwater and icebergs into the ocean tends to increase sea ice cover during a transient period until the climate forcing stabilizes and a new climate state is approached. Sea ice melt due to the warming ocean has the upper hand over freshwater injection in both hemispheres today, and thus global sea ice cover is near a historic low (Fig. 1). Arctic sea ice has been relatively stable for the past 10-20 years while Antarctic sea ice has declined, but global warming acceleration may alter both cases. In the Arctic, warm Atlantic water is intruding under the cold Arctic surface layer and warm Pacific water is spilling over the Aleutian sill into the Arctic Basin. Paleoclimate data show that warming at depth can lead to sudden loss of sea ice near Greenland, with consequences for the Greenland ice sheet. In the Antarctic, accelerated ocean warming increases melting of ice shelves and freshwater injection, which can cause temporary growth of sea ice cover. Global climate models employed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have failed to account well for the freshwater effect on sea ice cover, thus contributing to IPCC’s underestimate of climate sensitivity. Overall, accelerated global warming does not bode well for stability of the ice sheets, the ocean’s overturning circulations, and global sea level in coming decades – despite the complexity of sea ice changes and uncertainty about the growth rate of ice sheet mass loss.

Global sea ice cover is one of the three big “fast” climate feedbacks in the classical definition of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), which the Charney report[3] cemented. The Charney committee’s decision to exclude the “slow” feedbacks of ice sheets and the carbon cycle in their assessment was invaluable, as it allowed focus on the crucial water vapor, cloud and ice/snow feedbacks, and their interactions, in the global climate models (GCMs) then under development. Charney realized that the excluded feedbacks may have effects on short timescales, but those could be kept in mind for later study.

Recently, we concluded that climate sensitivity is high, ECS = 4.5 ± 0.5°C (1σ) for doubled atmospheric CO₂, based on three independent analyses (glacial-interglacial climate change, 1850-2024 global warming, and Earth’s darkening during 2000-2024).[2] High ECS changes everything: it fundamentally alters expectations for continued climate change. Why? Because “fast” feedbacks are not really fast: they come into play in proportion to temperature change, not in direct response to climate forcing. Thus, climate response time is approximately proportional to climate sensitivity squared.[4] One consequence is that the “fast” feedback response to ship aerosol reduction[2] is still growing significantly after five years, which is the reason we expect 2025 global temperature to be about as high as in 2024, despite the El Nino having faded to the ENSO-neutral state. A second result is that we must simultaneously consider “fast” and “slow” feedback effects because their timescales overlap. Let’s start with sea ice.

Fig. 2. Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area (31-day running-mean of daily data) from National Snow and Ice Data Center daily sea ice extent data.[1] The most recent 15 days (shown be a dotted line) are 29-day, 27-day… 3-day, 1-day means, and are thus estimates that will be replaced as data are updated.

Sea ice cover is now near its minimum during the era of global satellite data (i.e., since 1979) in both hemispheres (Figs. 2 and 3). The warm-season minimum of Arctic sea ice decreased sharply in 2007 and even further in 2012. The 2007 decrease was associated with sustained wind anomalies that drove ice from the Arctic toward warmer water and the Fram Strait.[6],[7] The 2012 melt was enhanced by an intense cyclonic storm that mixed heat upward in a normally well-stratified summer ocean, thus melting sea ice from below.[8] As the thickness of sea ice declines, such weather anomalies melt ice more effectively.

Fig. 3. Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area, with the solid curves being the 365-day running-mean of National Snow and Ice Data Center daily sea ice extent data[1] and the squares being annual results.

Sea ice volume is an important diagnostic because reduction of ice volume is a freshwater injection onto the ocean that can affect ocean circulation. Sea ice volume change is more difficult to measure than area change. Remarkably, changes of the ice “freeboard” (the height of the ice surface above sea level) can be detected by satellite, but measurement accuracy is limited, especially for Antarctic sea ice, which is less thick than Arctic sea ice. Sea ice volume estimates for the entire ocean (Fig. 4) are based on ice-ocean data assimilation models constrained by available observations. The difference between results from two data assimilation models for Arctic sea (Fig. 4, left) is one measure of uncertainty in sea ice volume changes. [PIOMAS (Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System) and GIOMAS (Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System) employ different ocean and sea ice models.[10]] The PIOMAS data set is preferred for the Arctic because it has been more extensively validated and used.[11]

Fig. 4. Sea ice volume: solid curves are 12-month running-mean of PIOMAS and 365-day running-mean of GIOMAS data, both from the Polar Science Center of the University of Washington.[5]

The volume of Arctic sea ice declined of the order of 10,000 cubic kilometers in the 40 years 1980-2020, thus about 250 km³/year, a freshwater injection rate comparable to the annual mass loss rate of the Greenland ice sheet. This decrease of Arctic sea ice volume over the past several decades provides a substantial term to the total freshwater injection that affects stability of the Atlantic Overturning Meridional Circulation (AMOC), as discussed in the Supplementary Material of our recent paper.[2] Total freshwater injection from all sources is now large enough to affect ocean temperature, salinity, and overturning ocean circulations, as shown, for example, in observed zonal-mean ocean temperature change (Fig. 5A)[12] and in our climate simulations.[13] However, increase of freshwater injection is absent or underestimated in models employed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as shown by the absence of cooling in their climate model simulations (Fig. 5B,C) and underestimates of the freshening of polar surface waters.

Fig. 5. (A) Observed zonal-mean 2001-2020 ocean temperature relative to 1981-2000, (B) ensemble mean of CMIP6 for that period, and (C) CMIP6 result for 2081-2100 (from Fig. 1, Shu et al., 2022).[10]

Climate sensitivity. Failure of IPCC models to capture the cooling from freshwater injection affects IPCC’s best estimate for equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) because IPCC relies heavily on comparison of climate simulations for 1850-present with observed global warming. Models that fail to capture the freshwater effect – which causes a delay of polar warming and reduced global warming – require unrealistically low ECS in order to avoid global warming that exceeds observations. However, this effect on estimated ECS is exceeded by the aerosol effect described next.

Aerosols are the main reason for IPCC’s underestimate of climate sensitivity. IPCC’s estimate of aerosol climate forcing (Fig. 3 of ref. 2) is nearly linear in global sulfur emissions (Fig. SM1 of ref. 2). With the IPCC aerosol forcing, an ECS of about 3°C for doubled CO₂ is required to yield close agreement with observed global warming over the past century. However, the impact of aerosols on clouds (which is most of the aerosol forcing) is highly nonlinear; we conclude in paper 2 that global aerosol forcing increased (became more negative) by about 0.5 W/m² during the period 1970-2005 as a result of human-made aerosols being spread more globally into more pristine air, including over the ocean. Aerosols thus reduced the net human-made (greenhouse gas plus aerosols) climate forcing, and as a result a higher climate sensitivity (4.5°C ± 0.5°C for doubled CO₂) is required to match observed global warming. This high climate sensitivity is also best able to simulate the strong warming in the past two years, and it is the main reason that we expect little if any cooling in the annual mean 2025 global temperature.

Two additional – independent and consistent – evaluations of climate sensitivity are provided by (1) comparison of paleoclimate equilibrium states,[14] and (2) inference of large amplifying cloud feedback based on accurate monitoring of Earth’s radiation balance.[2]

Summary implications. High climate sensitivity (including the implied corollary that human-made aerosols have partly offset greenhouse gas warming) changes everything. Most important: it makes it much more difficult to avoid passing the “point-of-no-return” – shutdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and, in turn, sea level rise of several meters.

AMOC shutdown occurs when the density of the upper ocean in the regions of deepwater formation in the North Atlantic becomes sufficiently light relative to deeper ocean layers, i.e., light enough to prevent the winter sinking of surface water that drives the global ocean conveyor. Accelerated warming has three effects that increase the likelihood of AMOC shutdown and the speed with which shutdown can occur: (1) accelerated global warming limits mixing of the warmed surface water with deeper, colder, layers, (2) greater warming increases precipitation, adding freshwater to the surface layer; and (3) greater warming increases ice melt and thus increases freshwater injection onto the North Atlantic.

AMOC shutdown is the “point-of-no-return” because it requires centuries for the ocean circulation to recover from shutdown and, in the meantime, transport of heat from the Southern Hemisphere into the North Atlantic is greatly reduced. Resulting increase of ocean temperature in the Southern Hemisphere practically locks in demise of the West Antarctic ice sheet, with sea level rise of several meters.

Evaluation of how close the world is to AMOC shutdown is extremely difficult. IPCC’s approach – relying almost entirely on global climate models – is fraught with uncertainty and errors, as suggested by a paper[15] concluding that AMOC would not shut down even with 5°C global warming and by the IPCC AR6[16] conclusion that AMOC shutdown is low probability.

More reliable analysis, we argue, requires comparable emphasis on information obtained from (1) paleoclimate, (2) global climate models, and (3) ongoing observations of climate change and climate processes. That is the approach that we will follow at Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions (CSAS) and we appreciate support that allows us to continue to pursue that research. We plan to make available and continually update a broad array of the most essential data, e.g., the sea ice graphs are here.[17] However, timely results in support of policy needs are dependent on continuation and enhancement of crucial observations. We draw attention especially to:

(1) the global ARGO float program[18] of several thousand deep-diving autonomous floats, which needs to be continued and expanded with more capable floats in the polar regions that can assess changes near vulnerable ice shelves and in the sub-sea-ice ocean. The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has provided a large fraction of these floats, but it is unclear whether they can be counted on to continue and to enhance the observations. It is important for more nations to step up their contributions to the program.

(2) the global Earth radiation budget measurements presently obtained by CERES[19] instruments nearing their end-of-life. It is not clear that NASA has adequate plans for continuation of the measurements. In any case, it would be very useful if the European Union and/or China carried out measurements with a quality comparable to the high-precision NASA data and made the data freely available.

[1] Sea ice extent is defined by NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center) as the ocean area with sea ice concentration exceeding 15%. NSIDC Artic Sea Ice News and Analysis and daily updates of sea ice extent for the Arctic and Antarctic are available from NSIDC.
[2] JE Hansen, P Kharecha, M Sato et al., Global warming has accelerated: are the United Nations and the public well-informed? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 67(1), 6–44, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494
[3] J Charney et al., Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. (Washington: National Academy of Sciences Press, 1979)
[4] J Hansen, G Russell, A Lacis et al. Climate response times: dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixing. Science 229, 857-9, 1985
[5] Polar Science Center. Data. Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. (last accessed 31 March 2025), https://psc.apl.uw.edu/data/
[6] J Zhang, RW Lindsay, A Schweiger, I. Rigor, What drove the dramatic retreat of Arctic sea ice during summer 2007?, Geophys Res Lett, 35, doi:10.1029/2008GL034005
[7] RW Lindsay, J Zhang, A. Schweiger et al, Arctic sea ice retreat in 2007 following thinning trend, J Clim 22, 165-76, 2009
[8] J Zhang, R Lindsay, A. Schweiger, M Steele, The impact of an intense cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat, Geophys Res Lett 40, 720-6, 2013
[9] J Zhang, DA Rothrock, Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates, Mon. Wea. Rev., 131(5), 681-97, 2003
[10] S Liao, H Luo, J Wang et al., An evaluation of Antarctic sea-ice thickness from the Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System based on in situ and satellite observations, The Cryosphere, 16, 1807-19, 2022
[11] J Zhang, private communication, 27 March 2025
[12] Q Shu, Q Wang, M Arthum et al., “Arctic Ocean amplification in a warming climate in CMIP6 models,” Sci. Adv. 8, eabn9755, 2022
[13] J Hansen, M Sato, P Hearty et al., “Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 C global warming is highly dangerous,” Atmos Chem Phys 16, 3761-812, 2015. See also the Supplementary Material of reference 2
[14] JE Hansen, M Sato, L Simons et al., “Global warming in the pipeline,” Oxford Open Clim. Chan. 3 (1) (2023): doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008
[15] P Bakker, A Schmittner, JTM Lenaerts et al., Fate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: strong decline under continued warming and Greenland melting. Geophy Res Lett; 43, 12252-60, 2016
[16] IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis [Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A et al. (eds)]. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021
[17] Various data sets are being revised and updated, to be made available at https://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/Data
[18] K. von Schuckmann, L Cheng, ND Palmer et al., “Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?” Earth System Science Data 12, 2013-41, 2020
[19] NG Loeb, GC Johnson, TJ Thorsen et al., “Satellite and ocean data reveal marked increase in Earth’s heating rate,” Geophys Res Lett 48, 2021: e2021GL093047

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